Chang-Hua, Hainan
15 minutes • 3108 words
Chang-Hua is north-west of the Li-mu mountain, and is the same as the ancient Tan-chou.
The city walls are 14 feet high and 220 paces in circumference.
- The city was built by the noblewoman Tan-ir
- She made the goblins work for her.
- With basket and shovels, they completed the whole work in a single night.
According to another version, the people were called Tan-ir (pendant ears) because their ears hung down on their shoulders.
Although at the present time no children are born in Ch’ang-hua with long ears, nevertheless the Li, as devout Buddhists, put big rings in their ears, making them reach down to the shoulders.
The country is free from epidemics, malaria, and marshes. The climate is absolutely different to that of China, all flowers bud early in the year and have already ceased blooming in the spring, only the water-lily blooms from May to June. to the month, and the plum and chrysanthemum follow The people are 5 silk (^ gauzes eyebrows ^), women from hunger or cold (i. The College was 10 city; it (1131 was later — 1163) concerning Minister ch’ang iM- (^ common people suffers originally situated in the south-eastern section of the was again it The Memoir (|g) 3^), Assistant Prime transferred to the eastern. (^ ^ U from the Departmental Capital there is a place :^). When Chau Ting, who was canonized as Duke depth of a few Tan- called Chung-kien degraded to the rank of Magistrate in Ki-yang “, ‘^^^ drought in midsummer; the springs had gone dry during a great all and here, on digging a well, water was found at a has not dried up to the present day, and feet. (This well) «The Minister’s spring» {j^ 20 is called the Siang-ts’iian or ^); as the Pai-ma-tsing-ts’iian or .(White horse well springa ( it is also ^ ^^ ^ ^); a shrine called the Ling-tsi-miau is Ch5n-an gate Tan-ir ^ which {^ ^ ^ A)- was raised she ying Fu-jon
inside the dedicated to the worship of the noble- is Inuring the sAaM-AM*^ period (1131 to the
the Li villages
30 loot in
it
voyage home.
There
woman
it
well
has wonderfully good water, and trading junks supply themselves from
for the
25
one of the
there are no indigents).
e.,
he passed this place, where
it
No
on transferred to the western, but in the shau-hing period
^ M ^ 7^)’
known
follow the orthodox (Chinese) fashions
(^ ^y
Fifteen
15
They
do).
was written by Duke Li Kuang
it
The women do not wear
nor do they whiten their faces nor blacken their
marriage and funeral ceremonies.
in their
immediately.
it
simple, honest, and frugal folk.
Chinese
(as
end of the twelfth
J®
(il||^)
rank of an
^ A.
official
Noblewoman not invoked
“^®
away from the
a raid on the Tan
— 1163)
deity under the appellation of Hien-
coast
(i.
e.,
in vain»).
in the mountains) get
When
much
they believe they have solely to thank the
district,
power of the Fu-j5n.
Some 60
li
west of the city there
sea, a rocky peak shaped like a
(^ j^
35 to the
for
fact
II). The
is
manes of Marquess Chon Li
good wind. The
district
in a big laguna on an islet of the
which the people
lion,
that there
is,
is
(^
call «the
Lion god»
here one of the temples consecrated
%\
^^^,
where trading junks pray
(g ^), Ch’ang-hua, and
in a southerly direction, one reaches the
has three
cities,
I-lun
Kau-on(^^)^«.
After a journey of
340 U
12180
ISUND OF HAINAN.
border of the military district of Ki-yang
(^
jf]]), is
/p
founded on the
Although the
different
|^ ^), which
(^
Li-mu mountain. The
the south-west of the
1,46
capital, a second-class prefecture
the (older city of) Ki-yang-hien ^’’.
site of
of K’iung(-ch6u,
districts
be reached by land, they are nevertheless so cut
villages of the wild Li, that one
Hu Tan-an (^
dangero
^ ^
(H
To the south
p
k’ou (’/^
^)
j(^
situated to
is
must go by sea
meant when he
off
i.
Hai-nan) might
e.,
from the Capital by the
to get to them.
That
«Again I passed a great billowy
said:
'
«^
1^)=’’.
Hai-
of the district city (of Ki-yang) is the post-station of
,|^),
5
what
is
below which traders moor their junks. There
is
a small lo
pavilion in front of this place for the reception of travellers.
The country
is
The climate
sparsely peopled.
is
excessively dry, while,
g^
(^
rain
They
Li-mu mountain);
a narrow strip (along the foot of the
when
the
is
not normal, for the spring
summer
is
usually
already passed, then comes the
is
15
pg).
cultivate the land without either
manuring or weeding
Wood-
it.
bows
choppers, herdsmen, fishermen and huntsmen must go about carrying
and arrows, as they are always
falling in with
Li savages. The women do not
occupy themselves with raising silkworms and making
and sarongs
but they weave
silk,
Li patterns. The 20
with cotton (ki-pel) flowered coverlets,
men have no occupation, and live simply from hand to mouth.
in spirits,
in the
and have neither medical science nor medicines.
They
all
believe
When some
one
they slaughter a bullock, then, with beating of drums and music, they
ill,
an offering of
one
it
it (jjiE,);
and
this they call
is
make
amaking good luck»; furthermore no
allowed to pass by the door (of the sick person). In their mortuary 25
is
ceremonies they have music ^^-
The country
Ij^
^
^),
ll|^
many have made
The College
Thirteen
li
is full
of lofty peaks
so it has
and picturesque mountain scenery
come about that among the scholars of the
reputations (as able poets)
is
from the
(^
-^ 1^
^^ i
is
some tens of
(here) there
ripples by.
is
At
A.
city there is a
rock with a surface which
is
^
feet
in
circumference so
that
visitors
as flat as the
to make
can sit
it so.
on
it;
a grove of thick, luxuriant trees, and a cool, clear brooklet 35
this spot the
Marquess of Chou
(^
‘^)
built
a reed hut, and
over the entrance he put this superscription «untroubled enjoyment» (‘I^
The
|Sj
situated in the north-eastern part of the district capital.
palm of the hand, without any human labour having been used
It
(
district
villages of the semi-civilized
^).
Li are few and far between, theirIj^^
ISLAKD OP HAINAN.
dwelling-places being from five to seven
181
The wild Li who formed
made raids (upon the country
Ch6u sent a head-man of the
apart.
li
over an hundred villages, from- time to time
Chinese
of the
The Marquess
settlers).
semi-civilized Li on a mission to
6
of
them
them
to get
to malie
an arrange-
weekly market
0)^;
after
this
they came
zi
(||
on foot with their goods on their backs and shoulders, or else floated down
on rafts to trade with the Chinese settlers. The district (of Ki-yang-kiin) was
ment
^
for holding a
divided into two districts Qiien), Ki-yang and Ning-yuan
(^ ^),
which,
in the chong-ho period
10
(1111—1118), were united into one, Ning-yiian-hien.
A hundred and twenty U to the east, one reaches the border of the military
district of Wan-an
^). The Wan-an military district is north-east of
(||
^
Li-mu mountain. It was founded
the
in the fifth year of the
the T’ang dynasty (A. D. 631) under the
name
of
Wan-an-chou
divided into three districts (him) called Wan-an, Fu-yiin
15 (|Ft|
^).
In the beginning of the fien-pau period (742)
a department or chou, to a
cKi-to period
(757)
its
Mn (^)
cMwgr-Awaw period of
{j\),
and
{’^ ^) and Po-Iiau
it was changed from
or prefecture. In the second year of the
name was changed
to that of Wan-ts’iian
and in the beginning of the kHm-yumi, period (758)
it
(^
^),
was once more made
a department.
During the present (Sung) dynasty the two
20
away
Po-liau were done
(Men) of Fu-yiin and
with, and Wan-an-hi6n was called
but in the sixth year M-ning{1073)it
^);
districts
Wan-ning
the whole district) was
(i. e.,
(^
made
a military district (kun), and the name of Wan-ning was changed to Ling-
shui
((^ ;([c);
or Men) *^.
25 trict
at the present time they are both included (in the one dis-
The Chinese
(^-)28.
settlers of this district live
plain and uncouth in their habits, but so law-abiding and
They are
disliking robbery
mixed with the Li and the Tan
and
theft that people can let their cattle
and sheep roam
about unguarded without fear of their being wrongfully claimed.
Their dwellings are mostly of reeds and bamboo, and seldom have tiled
30
Women
roofs.
do not
make
in sorcery
of all ages occupy themselves with weaving cotton, but they
patterns on
(^), and
it.
The
devils, (to
sick take no medicine.
whom) they
sacrifice
ness and aid. After the establishment of the
35
(^ -^ ^)”,
cine. In the eastern part of the city
the
their faith
drug shops by Huang Hou-
they gradually came to see the advantage of taking medi-
shon
of
first
They put
an ox, praying for happi-
ship-captain Tu-kang»
(M
is
the Po-chu Tu-kang-miau or «Temple
± ^ M
profound faith prays here for an omen
(|>.),
M^-
Whosoever with
gets a reply. Passing ships182
ISLAND OF HAINAN.
make an
1,46
The annual and
here before proceeding (farther).
offering
tri-
ennial examinations for literary degrees for the three prefectures (of Ch’ang-
hua, Ki-yang and Wan-chou) are
all
held, with those for K’iung-chou, (at
this place).
The native
called Li
tribes of the four prefectures of the island of
(^). The Li-mu mountain
cheering glitter (jj^
its
According
tures.
which
3fe)>
of the island
Hai-nan are
recognizable at night by
is
the four adjacent prefec-
is visible in all
a passage in the Tsin-shu (or History of the Tsin
to
dynasty) referring to the divisions of the land, (this) division, which
wu-nu
the influence of the
(^ ^)
stars Li-niu
Li-wu
the
(^
name
(^
star
;;^), is said to
The dwelling places
(^)
under
Li-mu
(^
(§)
of the native tribes
are situated around this
generally wrapped in fog. The Li themselves only rarely see
days,
when
-^ S)^”-
;p[
five streams,
azure peak
its
There
-^j
^’.
mountain, whose summit rises to an extraordinarily great height, for
autumn
lo
are (collectively) called
the sound of which has been corrupted to
^),
of the mountain)
is
be under the light of the
^), which
(^
and Wu-nii
5
floating as
is visible,
it
it,
were
it is 15
save on clear
in space
(y^
a spring on this mountain which bubbles up to form
is
one of which flows to (the town
of)
Ch’ang-hua, one to Ki-yang,
one to Wan-an, two to K’iung-chou, one of which becomes a big creek (;^) 20
and, with 36 rapids (in
^ ^)
(^^ ^ M)
(M.
rapids (in
(^
its
^ ^),
to the village of Chang-liau
the other becomes a small
course), runs to the village of Chu-yiin
^
{^
Lo-hui-hi6n
^^
and
24
down
course), flows
Ch’ong-mai-hien
^^
creek which, with
each other
its
^). These two
become the San-ho-shui
streams flow into
(^ -^ ^),
which goes to
25
K’iung-shan-hien.
(Those of the aborigines)
are called 8hdng-Li
are called
SMu-IA
live in the
‘Wild Li’), those who
‘Tame
Li’),
daily,
so
it
is
they remain under one
who must belong
Li
(^) family.
not possible to
chief,
to either the
live
nearer
(to
the Chinese)
and these latter are under the control of
the nearest one of the four Military districts
Li grow
remotest parts of the province
know
{^). The
villages
(ilij^f)
of the 30
their populousness. Neither do
but usually each village has
Wang
its own head-man
Fu (^), the Chang (gg) or the
name may inter-marry. Frequently
(3g), the
Persons of the same family
Chinese criminals seek refuge among the Li. The males wear their hair 35
twisted in a knot, they go barefooted and stick silver, copper or pewter
pins in their hair.
hang down
The women wear copper rings and ear-pendants which
to their shoulders.
Young
girls
when they reach marriageable ageISLAND OF HAINAN.
1,46
have their cheeks
^),
when
and,
finely tattooed; this
the tattooing
to offer congratulations.
buy Chinese coloured
called «emhroidering the face»
draw out the coloured threads and weave
silk stuffs,
sacrifice to the
an hundred
10 (in their country),
(^ ^);
they also
is
neither salt nor iron,
nor shrimps
fish,
they barter for them with the neighbouring Chinese settlers
with gharu-wood, unbleached cotton cloth, tree-cotton, and hemp
for they do not
make use
(Hff^
^),
of coined money.
Their dwellings have bamboo frames. The ground fioor is occupied by The men carry usually their live-stock, the inhabitants live in the upper part.
make gods oxen, dogs, fowls, and pigs, often as many as a time). As there (at their faces ^^ spinning and weaving, for which purpose they is these with tree-cotton (tJ; j^^) into single curtains excellent cloth of (both kinds of) cotton. They (|§ completed, the relatives and friends assemble Female slaves do not «embroider» The women’s work
a long wooden-handled knife (fg) and a long bow (5§ they do not take them.
They delight in taking revenge and killing their enemies, they call this seizing a step without
they lay hold of and fetter the case of a relative being killed, some member of the family of the (dead man’s) of his village, and, for a fetter, they use a piece of hchee-wood six enemy or and in shape 20 feet long like a foot-pestle. Then they demand of the prisoner, before they will release him, either a cow, wine, silver, or a pitcher «ransom his to (^), life» the conclusion of a marriage contract they break an arrow in On two as a proof of good 25 dances sacrifice as they call it^^ and singing. faith. When The festivals are held with beating of drums, a person dies they always kill an ox as a ^’. Among (varieties of the native products of this country the ch’on-shui and fong-lai gharu-wood) take the first rank in the Hiang-p’u (^ |f )^*. The mountains are covered with areca and cocoanut palms; there are 30 ponies, kingfishers’ feathers, from Min (i. e., and yellow wax^^ It often also happens that traders Fu-kien), driven on the coast by storms and having lost to make everything in the wreck of their junks, have gone into the Li country people are travelling a living by tilling the soiP®. “When Chinese officials or to the native villages, they can expect perfect security when they stop in the 35 houses of (these Chinese inland-settlers). Hai-nan keep guard Military posts of the four departments (^fj) of four quarters (pg |5^), along outside the (territory of the) Tame Li in the a line of a thousand U. There is a road like a connecting ring (between184
A the posts). 1,46 person wishing to take a trip through this country could not do so in less than a month ^’. When Ma Fu-po to (J^ jf^ jj^) had pacified Hai-nan, he ordered potters make some earthenware vessels {^), the larger of which held several piculs of rice, the smaller (the natives), even mission, from five to two or three from the most remote and he gave (these Then he who had made villages, them vessels) to bushels. By at their choice. invited 5 their sub- this means he was enabled to form an idea of the accessibility, or otherwise, of their nests and caves bushels, The Wild Li took the small jars of two or three (^ ^). and when asked the reason, replied that they had from steep cliffs and the (forks of) trees (^ come down all lo ;^) and that they could not take the big ones, because they feared that they would not be able to carry them home. By were deep in the interior, in precipitous Among of Li this (the General) learnt that their villages (^) very common, because this clan Wang (^), In the of the wild Li of the ^) and inaccessible places many descended from first is of 1820 their submission to Chinese rule. Chung- won (3£ name is the Li who bear the surname year of the shun-M period (1174) the head-man Wu-cM-shan number with a population ^) descended from the Li. At (i ^fg* ^]), Wang by name, gathered together the neighbouring Li Wang (il||^[ ^^.
Among the Chinese population of the 4 prefectures, the clan name Li is very common.
At the present time, many descended from the Li who have the Wang surname.
In 1174, the head of the wild Li of the Wu-chi-shan, Wang-Chung-Ki, gathered the neighboring 80 Li villages with a population of 1,820 adult males for submitting to China.
Chung-ki and the various chiefs, in all 81 men, went to Kiung-chou to present themselves and bound themselves by an oath taken in the Hien-ying-miau by stone-rubbing and blood-drinking to give up misdoing and desist from rapine and acts of violence.
The Prefect of Kiung-chou arranged drawings of their outward appearance and clothing which were submitted to the Viceroy. It showed the natives who wore their hair in a knot uncovered, wrapped the lower part of the knot with red silk, or wrapped the hair entirely in coloured silk, or else they wore little ornamented bamboo hats. All of them wore 2 silver combs stuck in their hair.
Some of them wore a short embroidered skirt. Wang Chung-ki was further distinguishable by a blue turban and a long red silk brocade gown, bound round with a girdle.
He himself said that this was a brocade gown which one of his ancestors received from the Emperor for having ceded a piece of land to the Chinese Government in 1119-1126.
Its products are also found in foreign lands. The difference is in their quality.
Its gharu-wood from Kiung far surpass those from foreign lands by the quality and strength of their perfume.
Those from South Vietnam and Chonla India are not to be compared with them.
On the other hand, Hainan’s yellow wax is nothing compared to that of Sumatra. It is even inferior to that of the Visayas.
Its other prodcts are mostly like those of foreign lands, with the exception of betel-nuts and cotton which are extraordinarily plentiful.
The Cantonese traders look principally to cotton as a profitable article.