The Four Revenues: Rent, Wages, Profits, Donations

An important feature of Smith’s Political Economy (and the science of Superphysics which we created from it) is the classification ofall revenue into either rent, wages, and profit.

Classification is Essential in the ANI of Superecononics

Such classification is not so important to Economics which focuses on the quantity or dollar value of revenue instead of its quality. This classification is difficult nowadays when other kinds of revenue have been introduced, such as interest income, different kinds of taxes, royalties, revenue from membership fees, etc.

Smith did not give a clear system of classifying revenues. He just said that some kinds of revenue can be confounded with others, and gave examples of them.

It’s necessary to define the essence of those three revenues to make classification easier so that, in theory, we can put the entire economic system under the management of an impartial spectator Automated Natural Intelligence (ANI).

• That ANI will not have vested interests nor be greedy as the current managers of capitalist or communist systems.
• It will also (Cartesian) relativistic links between prices in order to reduce uncertainty

Metaphysically, ANI would be more moral than a human because it can get its energy from solar power. It doesn’t need to eat or ingest other living beings to sustain its physical existence.

The AI would be able to classify each person and then micromanage economic policies in real time to prevent that person or any class of persons from being economically neglected. This would fix the distribution of wealth so that there would no longer be extreme poverty, financial crises, recessions, or even conflicts.

The Four Classes

Below are the most basic definitions or essence of each kind of revenue to aid in classifying other revenues. We’ve added a fourth and final kind of revenue called ‘Donations’ in order to complete Smith’s system and integrate it seamlessly with the Eastern varna shrama system as:

• shudras (workers)
• ksattriyas (rulers)
• brahmins (intellectuals)
• vaesyas (merchants)

Those four are equivalent to the classification of Socrates:

• democrats
• tyrants
• aristocrats
• oligarchs

Rent: Regular Arbitrary Revenue From the Lack of Land

Rent is a regular revenue from the lack of land while taxes are also a regular revenue from the lack of power by the other person. Rent-seeking is someone who can gain revenue because he can do so, without necessarily creating value in return.

A landlord can charge rent for his land because he or his forefathers were able to own or conquer that land. You have no choice but to pay rent if you want to use his land.

This lack of choice is in turn caused by the fact that humans have no choice but tolive on landinstead of the water or air. The same idea is true withtaxes – the government or ruling party can charge taxes because they were able to gain power in the country – you have no choice but to pay taxes, because you must live under some form of civilized society. In Eastern metaphysics, we can say that rent is usually the revenue of the warrior class or ksatriyas.

Wages: Regular Revenue to Live, from the Abundance Experienced by Employers

Wages are therevenue needed to maintain oneself and whatever else is important to one’s life (such as one’s family). Having high wages therefore means having more ability to live life, as compared to a low wage person who is limited in life. Labor or work is the main activity required to live. You need to work to find something to eat which in turn is needed to stay alive.

A slave does not earn wages becausehis life does not belong to himself. Instead, his ability to live is determined by his master, just like a machine. We do not say that a machine’s gasoline is part of its revenue. In Eastern metaphysics, we can say that wages are usually the revenue of the masses as the worker class or shudras.

Profits: Irregular Revenue from the lack experienced by others

Profits are the revenue arising from the external lack experienced by other people, whether as lack of knowledge or cognition, or lack of goods or commodities. We definecommodities asanything that can be traded, whether physical or non-physical such as information. In fact, information can be commoditized in our system.

A shortage of anything that is in demand will naturally cause high prices and high profits for its seller. For example, food suppliers have high profits during famines.

This nature of profits is why the interests of those-who-live-by-profits (capitalists and merchants) are often opposite that of society – because society does not want external lack, but merchants and capitalists do, since they gain from that lack.

If the world were filled with iPhone manufacturers, there would be no lack of iPhones and their prices would drop. Thus, it is the shallow interest of the iPhone inventor to prevent the spread of knowledge of how to make it, through a monopolistic system called intellectual property.

If a con-man sold you an ordinary rock for $1,000 saying it came from Mars, and you actually bought it, then he would have gained revenue from your lack of knowledge. Likewise, a person can sell you valuable information for a high price, which would then be deemed as his profits, and not as wages nor rent, since it was a one-off deal. If his supply of information were regular, along with his customers, then his revenue gets the same nature as wages, with his customers acting as his employers.

Profits can be confounded with wages in other ways. For example, a salesman might earn a fixed wage plus a 5% commission for anything he sells. In his case, his commission is a profit. But since he lives off of his wages more, then we can say that he lives by wages.

To Smith, ordinary profits, or the lowest possible nominal profits, are the best for society. With this definition, ordinary profits would mean that there is little lack in society. This state could only happen if there were many suppliers competing in an effort to reduce that lack.

Since human desires are dynamic (you never want to eat just one food for a year, or just buy one shirt annually), lack is always created in the mind, which Smith calls absolute demand, a concept not present in modern Economics. This demand or desire, and not money, is the true engine for rent, wages, and profit as seen in our main formula:

Interest: The Profit in Lending

Interest is a revenue classified under profits and is the revenue from letting others use your money. If you use your money yourself, then the revenue is called profit. In Eastern metaphysics, we can say that profits are usually the revenue of the merchant or oligarch class or vaishyas.

The prophet Mohammad was a merchant and he knew the tendency of the oligarch class to destroy society by profiteering (feeding off of them by profits), so he simply banned profiteering.

This is similar how Socrates warned against excessive wealth in The Republic.

By banning interest, Islamic banking converts profits into rent, taking power away from the merchant class and putting it into the landlord class, naturally leading to dictatorships in Islamic countries. The Western mind then sees this oppressive dictatorship and removes it in order to free the people, not knowing that it is the very glue that keeps their economy and society whole.

In contrast, Westerners are oppressed by their businessmen who turn them into mindless consumers. Getting rid of their businessmen would also cause Western society to unglue itself, and so they strongly protect business interests.

However, banning interest is as unnatural and oppresive as banning one class of humans from earning a revenue. To solve this, we use a points-based system wherein value is pegged to grains which do not suffer from interest rates. Instead, they suffer from inflation like any other commodity.

This is because they do not have an opportunity cost. Instead they have a storage cost.

Donations: Irregular Revenue from the abundance experienced by others

Donations are revenue similar to profits but are caused by anabundance instead of a lack. It is associated with the intellectual class which includes clergy, scientists, and teachers.

• An example is the non-fixed ‘honorary’ that a student gives to his preferred teacher directly which would then encourage the teacher to continue teaching.
• Another example is the donations box given during Christian mass to give revenue to the priest for him to be able to continue his work. The priest’s command over the people is purely metaphysical and not physical like the warrior-king, nor commercial like the merchant-oligarch.

Thus in Eastern metaphysics, we can say that donations are usually the revenue of the intellectual class or brahmin (the head of the body).

By organizing the four revenues, it becomes easier to see why negativity is attached to taxes and profits, different from wages and donations which are seen positively by society. On the flipside, high profits and taxes are essential to driving productivity (since they come from a ’lacking’ starting point), whereas high wages and donations do not give the same guarantee (since they are already abundant).

This pre-classification of revenue into four qualities is an example of Socrates’ Dialectical* method. It compares observable data, which in this case is revenue, with timeless principles, which in this case is the four natural social classes.

This method then gives us a new model or tool for creating better economic policies and systems. It is essential in Points-based Taxation which will be more intuitive and fair than the current taxation system from Economics (which is merely based on the money-value of revenue). It will also help predict crises by warning policymakers if a class is becoming too strong in society as to render the other classes impotent or useless.

The next post will explain Smith’s Taxation maxims.