The logical division of Things and their Attributes

1. Subjects of discourse complex and incomplex.Of things discoursed upon, some are enunciated after a complex, others after an incomplex, manner; the complex as “a man runs,” “a man conquers,” but the incomplex as “man,” “ox,” “runs,” “conquers.”

2. Varieties of predication.Likewise also some things are predicated of a certain subject, yet are in no subject, as “the man” is predicated of a subject, i. e. of “some certain man,” yet is in no subject. Others, again, are in a subject, yet are not predicated of any subject, (I mean by a thing being in a subject, that which is in any thing not as a part, but which cannot subsist without that in which it is,) as “a certain grammatical art” is in a subject, “the soul,” but is not predicated of any; and “this white thing” is in a subject, “the body,” (for all “colour” is in “body,”) but is predicated of no subject. But some things are both predicated of and are in a subject, as “science” is in a subject—“the soul,” but is predicated of a subject, namely, “grammar.” Lastly, some are neither in, nor are predicated of, any subject, as “a certain man” and “a certain horse,” for nothing of this sort is either in, or predicated of, a certain subject. 3. Individuals, not predicated of a subject.In short, individuals, and whatever is one in number, are predicated of no subject, but nothing prevents some of them from being in a subject, for “a certain grammatical art” is amongst those things which are in a subject, but is not predicated of any subject.

Chap. III.—Of the connexion between Predicate and Subject

1. Statement of argument in abstract.When one thing is predicated of another, as of a subject, whatever things are said of the predicate, may be also said of the subject,[6] as “the man” is predicated of “some certain man,” but “the animal” is predicated of “the man,” wherefore “the animal” will be predicated of “some certain man,” since “the certain man” is both “man” and “animal.”

2. Difference of distinct genera induces difference in species under them.The differences of different genera, and of things not arranged under each other, are diverse also in species,[7] as of “animal” and “science.” For the differences of “animal” are “quadruped,” “biped,” “winged,” “aquatic,” but none of these, forms the difference of “science,” since “science,”

3. Not so as to subaltern genera.does not differ from “science,” in being “biped.” But as to subaltern genera, there is nothing to prevent the differences being the same, as the superior are predicated of the genera under them; so that as many differences as there are of the predicate, so many will there also be of the subject.