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IMFs involved: Hydrogen bonding, ion–dipole, hydrophobic
Why common: Hydrolysis is one of the most widespread reactions in nature and industry (proteins, esters, amides, ATP, environmental degradation). Solvolysis is the solvent-acting-as-nucleophile analog.
Examples:
- Ester hydrolysis (acid or base catalyzed): RCOOR′ + H₂O → RCOOH + R′OH
- Amide/peptide hydrolysis (proteases, acid/base)
- ATP hydrolysis (enzyme-catalyzed; H-bonding in active site)
- S_N1 solvolysis in water/alcohol
- Glycosidic bond hydrolysis (carbohydrates)
- Environmental hydrolysis of pesticides/plastics
Role of IMFs: Water H-bonding activates the carbonyl; ion–dipole solvation stabilizes the tetrahedral intermediate; hydrophobic pockets in enzymes position the substrate.
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