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In Material Superphysics, which is based on Descartes’ Physics, Intermolecular Forces are caused by the Inter-aetherspace which is the Convertible Layer of the Micro-Aethersace (atomic space).
These are weak attractions such as hydrogen bonds that keep molecules together.
| Sublayer | Name | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Upper or Outer | Outer Inter-aetherspace (London Dispersion Forces) | Protein folding |
| Mid | Middle Inter-aetherspace (Dipole–Dipole Forces) | Hydrogen Bonding |
| Lower or Inner | Inner Inter-aetherspace (Ion–Dipole Forces) | boiling point |
Physics organizes them into:
| Force | Present In | Relative Strength | Example Pair | Energy Range (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| London dispersion | All molecules | Weakest | Ar···Ar | 0.05–40 |
| Dipole-dipole | Polar molecules | Moderate | HCl···HCl | 5–50 |
| Hydrogen bonding | N–H, O–H, F–H bonds | Strong | H₂O···H₂O | 5–65 |
| Ion-dipole | Ions + polar molecules | Strongest | Na⁺···H₂O | 40–600 |
Order of Boiling Points (for similar molecular masses):
Ionic compounds > Hydrogen bonding > Dipole-dipole > London dispersion
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